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| | A/D converter stands for analogue to digital converter. This piece of equipment will take the analogue signal from a sensor and convert it to digital data for processing. |
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| | A device which performs the physical movement of a robot. 3 types electric hydraulic and pneumatic. |
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| | Adaptive robots can make decisions based on changes in their environment picked up from sensors. http://www.bartneck.de/work/researchProjects/socialRobotics/roboclub/ear.html
(emotional adaptive robots... interesting idea... check it out) |
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| | the same thing as analogue just a different spelling (US spelling) |
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| | Data from the natural world which will have an infinite number of variables. For example sound from the natural world will have an infinite number of possible variations |
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| | having distinct or precise parts organized into a coherent whole. For instance semi trailers are articulated vehicles because the have several parts which work together. They will have a front cabin and a trailer at the back. Grippers are articulated because they will have several parts used to pick them up which will act together as parts of one component. |
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| | A program which allows some ability to learn or to make intelligent choices as such it can be seen by a user to be the ability of a computer or other machine to perform those activities that mimic human ability to reason.
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| | Operating without pre-programmed behaviors and without supervision from humans. These robots will probably be programmed using languages like LISP or PROLOG |
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| | An automated manufacturing system that produces a specific quantity of a product. Most would be like this. There is little use in over producing so that the warehouses are full and there is too much product to sell.
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| | Also known as nearest neighbour classification. For every input that it recieves, it will find the best matching "case" in a set and generate a reply based on the input that is given to it.
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| | The closed loop system receives feedback from the system that it controls. In this process the robot or other instructional device will receive feedback from a sensory device which will then cause a response from the system allowing it to adjust to changed environmental conditions. In this example it might be a robot welder which is able to intelligently determine the position of the joint to weld even though it may not be in exactly the same position as the previous one.
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| | An automated manufacturing system which is likely or capable of operating 24 hours a day, seven days a week. A system like this would probably greatly benefit from industrial robots
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| | A controller receives information from an input device such as a sensor and adjusts the robots actions to respond to its environment. The output from a controller will go to an actuator. The controller maybe hardware or software. |
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| | Critical damping is
the ability to dampen the feedback so that adjustments to the system can be achieved in the shortest
possible time, without any overshooting of the target condition unlike the situation with overdamping and underdamping.
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| | a being that is part human and part machine |
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| | Data is the raw unprocessed facts. For a robot this means the unprocessed input from sensory devices
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An automated manufacturing system that performs a single task in a small time interval. Something set to a timer would be an example such as a tea making machine set to turn on at a particular time or a breadmaker which makes fresh bread ready for a particular time. These systems are not robotic in the sense that they do not adapt to there environments rather than perform a set task. HSC Notes
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Domestic robots are robots that are designed for use around the home (domestic). Examples of these already in production are robot vacuum cleaners and robot lawn mowers. Household
robots are starting to take off, Farewell
lawnmower... hello robot., Fledgling
robot industry aims to fly high, Home
invasion fuels robot explosion. http://www.grassland-services.co.uk/ |
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| | Electric actuators are simply electro-mechanical devices which allow movement through the use of an alectrically controlled systems of gears. Some common types are stepper motors, solenoids and an electric motor. Electric motors are the most common form of actuator. |
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A device or tool that attaches to the robot wrist to enable the
robot to perform its intended task.http://www.ati-ia.com/products/rotary_joint/rjoint.aspx |
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| | A term used to describe the variables that exist between a "true" and a "false" situation in an expert system or neural network. A superset of conventional (Boolean) logic that recognizes more
than simple true and false values. With fuzzy logic, members of a set have a
"degree of membership" that (typically) ranges from 0-100%. For example, the
statement, "today is sunny", might be 100% true if there are no clouds, 80% true
if there are a few clouds, 50% true if it's hazy and 0% true if it rains all
day. It is used with spelling checkers to try to detrmine the likely word.
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| | A mechanical- or vacuum-actuated device located at the end of a robot arm that
manipulates parts and other objects. It is a specialised type of end effector that allows the robot to grip or hold things. http://yobotics.com/robots/robots.htm
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| | Hydraulic actuators allow a robot to move by the use of fluids moving under pressure through a series of valves by the use of pumps. The hydraulic fluids bused would normally consist of oils which are reasonably non-compressible. They are used where a lot of power is needed to move things. These would commonly be industrial robots possibly used on a car assembly line. |
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| | Industrial robots are robots that are used in industry; normally on production lines. They normally fixed bases around which the arms will move by use of actuators. http://www.learnaboutrobots.com/industrial.htm |
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| | An interface allows the computer and peripherals to be connected and also provides the framework for humans to interact or program the robot. |
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| | A programming language used for artificial intelligence. It is a non-procedural language which includes large lists which are added to as the system comes across new inputs. LISP is now the second oldest programming language in present widespread use after FORTRAN.
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| | A type of artificial
intelligence that attempts to imitate the way a human brain works. Rather
than using a digital model, in which all computations
manipulate zeros and ones, a neural network works by creating connections
between processing elements, the computer
equivalent of neurons. This is why non-procedural languages are used in artificial intelligence as well as with neural networks because non-procedural languages allow connections between processing elements. |
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| | Non-adaptive robots receive no input from there environments and so cannot modify their responses to their environment |
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| | Non-procedural languages are computer languages in which the languages do not follow strict steps but rather connections between the various elements such as the variables and constants. This is why non-procedural languages are used in
artificial intelligence as well as with neural networks because
non-procedural languages allow connections between processing elements in a similar way to the way that humans do.
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| | An open loop system receives no feedback from the system. A volume knob on a television or mp3 player is an example of a closed loop.
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| | Overdamping occurs
when the system achieves the desired result without overshooting, but takes
longer than necessary to do so, as the critical elements require a slow response
time. In overdamping the system response has been overly slowed down. This allows for finer adjustments but much slower response times to feedback.
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| | Pneumatic actuators use compressed gas to force the movement of pistons through the use of pumps and valves and so allow movement of the robotic part. Pneumatic actuators work on the same principles as hydraulic actuators using a series of valves, pumps and pistons to gnerate movement in the robot. |
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| | PROLOG was developed in 1970. It is a non-procedural language which helps a system to learn and so is used for artificial intelligence. It uses sets and subsets which are added to as the system comes across new input. New input is compared to previous inputs and the various sets are added to as applicable.
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| | A relay is an electromechanical switch that uses an electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts. In other words iut turns things on or off. When the relay is activated an electromagnet is turned on which will turn the relay switch on. A relays normal position may be on. In this case an electro magnet would actually turn the swict off. |
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| | A robot is a machine which can be programmed to perform tasks and which will be able to adjust to its environment through use of sensors |
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| | Sentinel robots are used by the military to fly over enemey territory and report back through video Robotics gains
in prestige, in part due to military conflicts, Invasion
of the Robots
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| | A solenoid is simply a bit of wire wrapped around a magnet which produces a magnetic field when electric current is passed through it. Depending on the direction movement of the electrical current, which depends on which side the positive and ngative terminals are connected, will decide which sides have the north or south poles and so force movement through repelling or attracting. |
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| | Stepper Motors are also called step motors and allow small precise movements. Stpper motors are electrical motors that move a series of small gears fixed increments each turn (step) of the motor. These are typically used in printers and scanners to move the heads. Not appropriate for heavy loads. |
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| | Underdamping is the opposite to overdamping. Damping is the process of slowing a response time or lessening the response. When underdamping occurs the system response time or degree of response to feedback has not been damped enough so that when underdamping occurs the desired effect is achieved through the system seesawing through the
critical condition, such as a car fishtailing because of speeding and adjustment to direction being made too fast. Each time the adjustment is smaller until the desired value is
reached. These systems are not as stable as overdamped systems.
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